While American foreign policy deems child marriage a “human rights abuse” and calls on other countries to eliminate it [
[1]
], many Americans remain unaware of the prevalence of child marriage in their own country [U.S. State Department
United States strategy to empower adolescent girls.
United States strategy to empower adolescent girls.
https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/254904.pdf
Date: 2016
Date accessed: August 19, 2021
[2]
]. One possible explanation for this lack of awareness is that previous studies of American child marriage have been stymied by inadequate recordkeeping.The present study was the first to use various estimation methods to fill the data gaps. We found that nearly 300,000 children married in the United States (U.S.) between 2000 and 2018.
No central repository in the U.S. collects marriage-age data from all 50 states. Retrieving marriage-certificate data from each state individually and compiling the results is the best alternative, but not all states systematically track or make available these data.
In 2017, I published Unchained At Last's findings on the number of children married in the U.S. between 2000 and 2010, calculated from 38 states' marriage-certificate data plus estimates for the other 12 states based solely on the correlation between each of the 38 states' population and number of children married [
[3]
]. The Public Broadcasting Service's Frontline later expanded on this study, adding data through 2015 and for a few more states, but did not fill in the gaps left by missing or partial state data [- Reiss F.
Why can 12-year-olds still get married in the United States? Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/10/why-does-the-united-states-still-let-12-year-old-girls-get-married
Date: 2020
Date accessed: August 19, 2021
[4]
].For our latest study, Unchained partnered with Quest Research & Investigations, Kroll, Quantitative Analysis, and McGill University. We retrieved marriage-certificate data from 32 states that showed the age or age ranges of all individuals married each year between 2000 and 2018.
For 10 other states and the District of Columbia, we used marriage-certificate data that were available for some or most of those years to project the numbers for the missing years. For two additional states (Nevada and Arizona), we retrieved full marriage-certificate data from one county or a pair of counties that represented at least two-thirds of the state population.
To estimate the number of children married in the remaining six states and the remaining section of Nevada and Arizona, we looked for correlations between available marriage-age data in other states and variables in the American Community Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau's demographics survey program. We identified a strong correlation of .88 when we combined two American Community Survey variables: already-married individuals aged 15–17 years (they were married, divorced, widowed, or separated) and divorced or separated individuals aged 18–24 years.
We found that some 297,033 children were married in the U.S. between 2000 and 2018: 232,474 based on marriage-certificate data plus 64,559 based on estimates (Table 1). A few children were as young as 10 years when they married, but of those for whom age information was available, nearly all—96%—were aged 16 or 17 years. Of those for whom age, gender, and spousal information was available, 78% were girls (under 18 years of age) wed to adult men (aged 18 years or older). The national number of children wed decreased each year—from 76,396 in 2000 to 2,493 in 2018 (Table 2)—but is unlikely to get to zero without legislative intervention.
Table 1U.S. child marriage by state
| State | Number of minors wed between 2000 and 2018 (actual + estimated) | Per capita rate of child marriage 2000–2018 (actual + estimated) | Ranking |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nevada | 17,403 | .671% | 1 |
| Idaho | 5,160 | .338% | 2 |
| Arkansas | 8,458 | .295% | 3 |
| Kentucky | 11,251 | .262% | 4 |
| Oklahoma | 8,495 | .229% | 5 |
| Wyoming | 1,239 | .227% | 6 |
| Utah | 5,600 | .208% | 7 |
| Alabama | 9,166 | .195% | 8 |
| West Virginia | 3,532 | .193% | 9 |
| Mississippi | 5,360 | .182% | 10 |
| New Mexico | 3,593 | .180% | 11 |
| Texas | 41,774 | .169% | 12 |
| Tennessee | 9,783 | .156% | 13 |
| Arizona | 8,795 | .141% | 14 |
| North Carolina | 12,637 | .136% | 15 |
| Missouri | 8,007 | .135% | 16 |
| South Carolina | 5,443 | .120% | 17 |
| Alaska | 808 | .116% | 18 |
| Louisiana | 5,106 | .112% | 19 |
| Kansas | 3,028 | .107% | 20 |
| Georgia | 10,123 | .107% | 21 |
| Colorado | 5,316 | .107% | 22 |
| South Dakota | 809 | .100% | 23 |
| Virginia | 7,849 | .100% | 24 |
| Oregon | 3,591 | .095% | 25 |
| Florida | 17,274 | .093% | 26 |
| Indiana | 5,086 | .079% | 27 |
| Washington | 4,831 | .073% | 28 |
| Nebraska | 1,265 | .070% | 29 |
| California | 23,588 | .064% | 30 |
| Maine | 810 | .061% | 31 |
| Maryland | 3,469 | .061% | 32 |
| Hawaii | 795 | .059% | 33 |
| Illinois | 7,540 | .059% | 34 |
| Wisconsin | 2,985 | .053% | 35 |
| Michigan | 5,259 | .053% | 36 |
| Montana | 469 | .048% | 37 |
| Iowa | 1,356 | .045% | 38 |
| North Dakota | 306 | .045% | 39 |
| Vermont | 272 | .044% | 40 |
| Ohio | 4,995 | .043% | 41 |
| Connecticut | 1,203 | .034% | 42 |
| New Jersey | 2,225 | .025% | 43 |
| New York | 4,890 | .025% | 44 |
| Delaware | 219 | .025% | 45 |
| Pennsylvania | 3,052 | .024% | 46 |
| Minnesota | 1,118 | .021% | 47 |
| Massachusetts | 1,246 | .019% | 48 |
| Rhode Island | 171 | .016% | 49 |
| New Hampshire | 206 | .016% | 50 |
| District of Columbia | 77 | .013% | 51 |
| Total | 297,033 |
a Data based partially or wholly on estimates.
Table 2U.S. child marriage by year
| Year | Minors wed (actual + estimated) |
|---|---|
| 2000 | 76,396 |
| 2001 | 35,809 |
| 2002 | 20,542 |
| 2003 | 18,867 |
| 2004 | 17,033 |
| 2005 | 16,871 |
| 2006 | 14,191 |
| 2007 | 12,710 |
| 2008 | 11,421 |
| 2009 | 10,325 |
| 2010 | 9,102 |
| 2011 | 22,361 |
| 2012 | 6,962 |
| 2013 | 5,933 |
| 2014 | 4,943 |
| 2015 | 4,275 |
| 2016 | 3,695 |
| 2017 | 3,104 |
| 2018 | 2,493 |
| Total | 297,033 |
The 232,474 is almost certainly an undercount because of data anomalies and gaps. For example, one state withheld all counts less than 10 (such as if nine 17-year-olds married 20-year-olds one year), potentially hiding thousands of additional child marriages, and another state acknowledged it had randomly and irretrievably deleted data on children married before the age of 15 years in most years.
Unlike in countries such as India where child marriage persists despite laws to prevent it, the problem in the U.S. is the laws themselves. Marriage before 18 years of age remains legal in 44 of 50 U.S. states, and the six states and three territories that have banned child marriage did so only in the last 3 years [
5
, 6
, 7
, 8
, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bill No. 33-109.
https://www.legvi.org/billtracking/Detail.aspx?docentry=27003
Date: 2020
Date accessed: February 27, 2021
9
, Pennsylvania. HB360.
https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billInfo/billInfo.cfm?sYear=2019&sInd=0&body=H&type=B&bn=0360
Date: 2020
Date accessed: February 27, 2021
10
, Minnesota. HF745.
https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?f=HF745&y=2019&ssn=0&b=house
Date: 2020
Date accessed: February 27, 2021
11
, Puerto Rico. PC1654.
https://sutra.oslpr.org/osl/esutra/MedidaReg.aspx?rid=124126
Date: 2020
Date accessed: February 27, 2021
12
, 13
].New York. S3086. Available at: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/s3086. Accessed July 22, 2021.
Child marriage is as damaging in the U.S. as it is across the globe. Minors—even highly mature 17-year-olds—have limited legal rights and therefore can easily be forced into marriage or forced to stay in an unwanted marriage [
[3]
]. Furthermore, the devastating impacts of child marriage in the U.S. make it as much a “human rights abuse” as anywhere else. Girls in the U.S. who marry in their teens are more likely to drop out of high school, never graduate from college, and end up living in poverty [- Reiss F.
Why can 12-year-olds still get married in the United States? Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/10/why-does-the-united-states-still-let-12-year-old-girls-get-married
Date: 2020
Date accessed: August 19, 2021
[14]
], and they are at greater risk of psychiatric disorders [[15]
].Child marriage also undermines statutory rape laws. A forthcoming study using our data set shows at least 34,943–40,224 marriages since 2000 occurred at an age or with a spousal age difference that should have constituted a sex crime under the relevant state's law [
[16]
].Koski A, Van Roost K, Horn M. Child marriage or statutory rape? J Adolesc Health. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.023.
In about 80% of those marriages, sex between the parties became legal with the issuance of the marriage license under state law that specifically allowed sex within marriage what would otherwise be considered statutory rape. Each of those marriage licenses became a “get out of jail free” card. In the other 20% of those cases, the marriage was legal under state law, but sex within the marriage was a crime. With each of those marriage licenses, the state sent a child home to be raped.
These numbers, too, are almost certainly an undercount, because many states did not provide enough data for the analysis. California, for example, did not provide any marriage-age data and therefore was excluded from the analysis, but 100% of the 23,588 children we estimated were married there between 2000 and 2018 could have been included. Sex with anyone younger than 18 years is considered rape in California unless the perpetrator first marries the child [
[17]
].California Penal Code § 261.5.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN§ionNum=261.5
Date accessed: February 28, 2021
The world cannot keep its promise to end child marriage by year 2030 [
[18]
] if we continue to ignore the hundreds of thousands of children marrying in the U.S. Every U.S. state and territory must pass legislation to do what we demand from the rest of the world: End child marriage.United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5.3: Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5
Date accessed: August 19, 2021
Acknowledgments
Partners for this study included Quest Research & Investigations, Kroll, Quantitative Analysis, and McGill University.
References
- United States strategy to empower adolescent girls.(Available at:)https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/254904.pdfDate: 2016Date accessed: August 19, 2021
- What does the American public know about child marriage?.PLoS One. 2020; 15: e0238346
- Why can 12-year-olds still get married in the United States? Washington Post.(Available at:)https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/10/why-does-the-united-states-still-let-12-year-old-girls-get-marriedDate: 2020Date accessed: August 19, 2021
- Child marriage in America: By the numbers. PBS Frontline.(Available at:)
- Delaware. HB337.(Available at:)
- New Jersey. S427.(Available at:)
Marriage Licenses, Rhode Island, RI H5387, 15-2-11. 2021.
- U.S. Virgin Islands. Bill No. 33-109.(Available at:)https://www.legvi.org/billtracking/Detail.aspx?docentry=27003Date: 2020Date accessed: February 27, 2021
- Pennsylvania. HB360.(Available at:)https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billInfo/billInfo.cfm?sYear=2019&sInd=0&body=H&type=B&bn=0360Date: 2020Date accessed: February 27, 2021
- Minnesota. HF745.(Available at:)https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?f=HF745&y=2019&ssn=0&b=houseDate: 2020Date accessed: February 27, 2021
- Puerto Rico. PC1654.(Available at:)https://sutra.oslpr.org/osl/esutra/MedidaReg.aspx?rid=124126Date: 2020Date accessed: February 27, 2021
- Rhode Island. H5387. 2021 (No direct link available)
New York. S3086. Available at: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/s3086. Accessed July 22, 2021.
- Early teen marriage and future poverty.Demography. 2010; 47: 689-718
- Child marriage in the United States and its association with mental health in women.Pediatrics. 2011; 128: 524-530
Koski A, Van Roost K, Horn M. Child marriage or statutory rape? J Adolesc Health. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.023.
- California Penal Code § 261.5.(Available at:)https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN§ionNum=261.5Date accessed: February 28, 2021
- United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5.3: Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.(Available at:)https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5Date accessed: August 19, 2021
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Footnotes
Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Disclaimer: Publication of this article was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The opinions or views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funder.
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