See Related Article on p.797
1
, The US has had 57 times as many school shootings as the other major industrialized nations combined.
https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/21/us/school-shooting-us-versus-world-trnd/index.html
Date accessed: March 18, 2019
2
]. Yet our knowledge about some of the most basic characteristics of these shootings is incomplete. In this issue of the journal, Livingston et al. take a step toward providing descriptive features of U.S. school shootings [Does the U.S. experience far more school shootings than any other country?.
https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/school-shootings-us-vs-world
Date accessed: March 18, 2019
[3]
].Difficulties in foundational research on school shootings begin with definitional challenges. Disagreements on how to define a school shooting have resulted in the absence of a widely accepted definition and in turn led to the creation of different databases [
[4]
]. It is estimated that school shooting data have been collected by more than 20 different entities [No, there haven’t been 18 school shootings in 2018. That number is flat wrong. Washington Post.
http://tinyurl.com/y3m6bjc8
Date accessed: March 15, 2019
[5]
]. Livingston et al. used the Washington Post database of school shootings for their research [K-12 school shooting database research methodology.
https://www.chds.us/ssdb/methods/
Date accessed: March 15, 2019
[3]
]. This database contains shootings that occurred on campuses during, or immediately before or after, the school day when children were at risk. Shootings at after-hours events, accidental discharges that caused no injuries to anyone other than the person handling the firearm, and suicides that occurred privately or posed no threat to other children were excluded. Using these criteria, and after restricting the sample to shootings intended to injure or kill others, Livingston et al. included 179 shootings occurring between April 1999 and May 2018 in their analysis. In contrast, for instance, the school shooting database of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School includes 657 incidents during that same period [[5]
]. It documents each and every instance a gun is brandished or fired or a bullet hits school property for any reason, regardless of the number of victims, time of day, or day of week.K-12 school shooting database research methodology.
https://www.chds.us/ssdb/methods/
Date accessed: March 15, 2019
Some descriptive epidemiologic features of school shootings included in research by Livingston et al. are noteworthy. Even among events intended to injure or kill others, about 70% did not result in any fatality. Nonetheless, the number of injuries or deaths (“casualties”) ranged widely from 0 to 34. Although much of the media attention has focused on school shootings with multiple victims occurring in majority-white schools, Livingston et al. document that about 61% of school shootings in their database occurred in nonmajority-white schools [
[3]
]. A large majority of school shootings involved only one shooter who used a handgun.In the wake of an increasing number of school shootings in recent years, schools have scrambled to re-evaluate safety plans and implement additional safety measures, spawning a $2.7 billion school security industry [
6
, 2018 was by far the worst year on record for gun violence in schools.
https://www.vox.com/2018/12/10/18134232/gun-violence-schools-mass-shootings
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
7
, Armored school doors, bulletproof whiteboards and secret snipers.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-and-campus-safety-industry
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
8
]. Livingston et al. did not evaluate the effectiveness of school security measures in preventing or deterring school shootings; however, their finding that the presence of school resource officers was not associated with the likelihood or frequency of injuries and deaths (“severity of shooting”) is thought-provoking [[3]
]. These findings are based on bivariable analyses, and the point estimates are imprecise; nonetheless, the inability of resource officers to prevent certain school shootings in the past and criticism that some resource officers focus on punitive measures against the students suggest that further research is needed to understand the effectiveness of school resource officers in preventing the occurrence and mitigating the severity of school shootings [[8]
].Although used only in about 20% of school shootings studied by Livingston et al., the use of rifles and shotguns was strongly associated with casualties and fatalities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that firearm injuries were the cause of death in about 63% of single-victim and 92% of multiple-victim school-associated homicides during 1994–2018 [
[9]
]. Handguns were used in 69% of single-victim incidents and 52% of multiple-victim incidents, whereas long guns were used in 8.5% of single-victim incidents and 38% of multiple-victim incidents. Livingston et al. did not have data on how the firearm was obtained, but previous research has suggested that a majority of firearms used in school shootings were obtained from home [[10]
]. Livingston et al. report greater severity of school shooting being associated with older age of the shooter who may not have been a student [More than 223,000 students have experienced gun violence at school since Columbine.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-database/?utm_term=.8cb747ab6323
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
[3]
]. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of multipronged preventive measures that go beyond the school setting.Among high-income countries, the U.S. rates of crime are not an outlier [
[11]
]. However, the U.S. rates of lethal violence, mainly due to firearm homicides, far exceeds that of other economically comparable nations. The frequency and severity of U.S. school shootings are partly a reflection of the availability and accessibility of firearms and permissive gun laws. Future research should examine specific risk and protective factors for school shootings and explore firearm and nonfirearm policy that could reduce its toll. These measures should be augmented with interventions focusing on fostering positive school climate to reduce some of the risk factors already known to be associated with firearm access or carrying (e.g., bullying victimization and perpetration) and promote protective factors (e.g., emotional, social, and mental health) [12
, 13
].Call for action to prevent gun violence in the United States of America. Interdisciplinary Group on Preventing School and Community Violence.
https://curry.virginia.edu/prevent-gun-violence
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
Since the Columbine High School shooting, about 223,000 students attending 229 K-12 schools have experienced a shooting on campus during school hours [
[10]
]. School shootings can have profound direct and indirect traumatic consequences for both youth and the broader society [More than 223,000 students have experienced gun violence at school since Columbine.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-database/?utm_term=.8cb747ab6323
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
[14]
]. Time will judge the yield of the recent surge in spending on safety measures to make schools “hard targets.” In the meantime, enacting and enforcing gun policy measures (e.g., universal background checks, permit to purchase laws, firearm access restrictions, and extreme risk protection order policies) as well as further mental health and education expenditure couched in a public health approach may play a more important role in averting these tragedies, preventing injuries, and saving lives [13
, Call for action to prevent gun violence in the United States of America. Interdisciplinary Group on Preventing School and Community Violence.
https://curry.virginia.edu/prevent-gun-violence
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
15
, 16
].Here’s how to prevent the next school shooting, experts say.
https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/03/07/590877717/experts-say-here-s-how-to-prevent-the-next-school-shooting
Date accessed: March 19, 2019
References
- The US has had 57 times as many school shootings as the other major industrialized nations combined.(Available at:)https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/21/us/school-shooting-us-versus-world-trnd/index.htmlDate accessed: March 18, 2019
- Does the U.S. experience far more school shootings than any other country?.(Available at:)https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/school-shootings-us-vs-worldDate accessed: March 18, 2019
- A descriptive analysis of school and school shooter characteristics and the severity of school shootings in the United States, 1999–2018.J Adolesc Health. 2019; 64: S797-S799
- No, there haven’t been 18 school shootings in 2018. That number is flat wrong. Washington Post.(Available at:)http://tinyurl.com/y3m6bjc8Date accessed: March 15, 2019
- K-12 school shooting database research methodology.(Available at:)https://www.chds.us/ssdb/methods/Date accessed: March 15, 2019
- 2018 was by far the worst year on record for gun violence in schools.(Available at:)https://www.vox.com/2018/12/10/18134232/gun-violence-schools-mass-shootingsDate accessed: March 19, 2019
- Armored school doors, bulletproof whiteboards and secret snipers.(Available at:)https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-and-campus-safety-industryDate accessed: March 19, 2019
- The menace of school shootings in America: Panic and overresponse.in: Shapiro H. The Wiley Handbook on Violence in Education. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ2018
- Characteristics of school-associated youth homicides — United States, 1994–2018.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68: 53-60
- More than 223,000 students have experienced gun violence at school since Columbine.(Available at:)https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-database/?utm_term=.8cb747ab6323Date accessed: March 19, 2019
- Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America.Oxford University Press, New York1997
- Bullying and weapon carrying.JAMA Pediatr. 2014; 168: 714-720
- Call for action to prevent gun violence in the United States of America. Interdisciplinary Group on Preventing School and Community Violence.(Available at)https://curry.virginia.edu/prevent-gun-violenceDate accessed: March 19, 2019
- Youth responses to school shootings: A review.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018; 20: 47
- School shootings during 2013–2015 in the USA.Inj Prev. 2017; 23: 321-327
- Here’s how to prevent the next school shooting, experts say.(Available at:)https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/03/07/590877717/experts-say-here-s-how-to-prevent-the-next-school-shootingDate accessed: March 19, 2019
Article Info
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.
ScienceDirect
Access this article on ScienceDirectLinked Article
- A Descriptive Analysis of School and School Shooter Characteristics and the Severity of School Shootings in the United States, 1999–2018Journal of Adolescent HealthVol. 64Issue 6
