Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 83-91 , July 2010

Exploring the Mechanisms of Physical Activity and Dietary Behavior Change in the Program X Intervention for Adolescents

  • David R. Lubans, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle NSW, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: David R. Lubans, Ph.D., University of Newcastle, School of Education, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia.
    • ,
  • Philip J. Morgan, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Robin Callister, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Clare E. Collins, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Ronald C. Plotnikoff, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle NSW, Australia
    • Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Received 18 August 2009 ,Accepted 12 December 2009.

References 

  1. Hossain P, Kawar B, Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world: A growing challenge. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:213–215
  2. Department of Health and Ageing. 2007 Australian national children's nutrition and physical activity survey—Main findings. Canberra, Australia: Department of Health and Ageing; 2008;
  3. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847–2850
  4. Falkstedt D, Hemmingsson T, Rasmussen F, et al. Body mass index in late adolescence and its association with coronary heart disease and stroke in middle age among Swedish men. Int J Obes. 2007;31:777–783
  5. Dietz WH. Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics. 1998;101(suppl 3):518–524
  6. Sharma M. School-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. Obes Rev. 2006;7:261–269
  7. Baranowski T, Jago R. Understanding the mechanisms of change in children's physical activity programs. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005;33:163–168
  8. Baranowski T, Cerin E, Baranowski J. Steps in the design, development and formative evaluation of obesity prevention-related behavior change trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:6
  9. Lubans DR, Foster C, Biddle SJ. A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents. Prev Med. 2008;47:463–470
  10. Kremers SP, de Bruijn GJ, Droomers M, et al. Moderators of environmental intervention effects on diet and activity in youth. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:163–172
  11. Cerin E, Barnett A, Baranowski T. Testing theories of dietary behavior change in youth using the mediating variable model with intervention programs. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41:309–318
  12. Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Dzewaltowski DA, et al. Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity—The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(suppl 2):5–14
  13. MacKinnon DP. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008;
  14. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, et al. Effects of integrating pedometers, parental materials, and email support within an extracurricular school sport intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2009;44:176–183
  15. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ. Evaluation of an extra-curricular school sport program promoting lifestyle and lifetime activity. J Sport Sci. 2008;26:519–529
  16. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986;
  17. Salmon J, Booth ML, Phongsavan P, et al. Promoting physical activity participation among children and adolescents. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:144–159
  18. Lewis BA, Marcus BH, Pate RR, et al. Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(suppl 2):26–35
  19. Dishman RK, Saunders RP, Felton G, et al. Goals and intentions mediate efficacy beliefs and declining physical activity in high school girls. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:475–483
  20. Eston RG, Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK. Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children's activities. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84:362–371
  21. Booth ML, Denney-Wilson E, Okely AD, et al. Methods of the NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPANS). J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8:284–293
  22. Motl RW, Dishman RK, Trost SG, et al. Factorial validity and invariance of questionnaires measuring social-cognitive determinants of physical activity among adolescent girls. Prev Med. 2000;31:584–594
  23. Sallis JF, Taylor WC, Dowda M, et al. Correlates of vigorous physical activity for children in grades 1 through 12: Comparing parent-reported and objectively measured physical activity. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2002;14:30–44
  24. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, et al. Use of self-management strategies in a 2-year cognitive-behavioral intervention to promote physical activity. Behav Ther. 2000;31:365–379
  25. Bere E, Klepp KI. Reliability of parental and self-reported determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 6th graders. Public Health Nutr. 2003;7:353–356
  26. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Tudor-Locke C. A systematic review of studies using pedometers to promote physical activity among youth. Prev Med. 2009;48:307–315
  27. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, et al. The relationship between pedometer step counts and estimated VO2max as determined by a submaximal fitness test in adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2008;20:273–284
  28. Tudor-Locke C, Lutes L. Why do pedometers work? A reflection upon the factors related to successfully increasing physical activity. Sports Med. 2009;39:981–993
  29. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Pchar GS, et al. Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen uptake, physical work capacity, and step test scores in college women. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1972;4:182–186
  30. Bollen KA. Structural Equations With Latent Variables. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1989;
  31. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Hoffman JM, et al. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods. 2002;7:83–104
  32. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Modeling. 2002;9:233–255
  33. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1–55
  34. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams HG. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004;39:99–128
  35. MacKinnon DP, Fritz MS, Williams HG, et al. Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:384–389
  36. Sprangers MA, Schwatrz CE. Integrating response shift theory into health-related quality of life research: A theoretical model. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48:1507–1515
  37. Vallance JK, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC, et al. Analyzing theoretical mechanisms of physical activity behavior change in breast cancer survivors: Results from the activity promotion (ACTION) trial. Ann Behav Med. 2008;35:150–158
  38. Baranowski T, Anderson C, Carmack C. Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions: How are we doing? How might we do better?. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:266–297
  39. Reynolds KD, Yaroch AL, Franklin FA, et al. Testing mediating variables in a school-based nutrition intervention program. Health Psychol. 2002;21:51–60
  40. Haerens L, Cerin E, Deforche B, et al. Explaining the effects of a 1-year intervention promoting a low fat diet in adolescent girls: A mediation analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:55

PII: S1054-139X(09)00699-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.015

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 83-91 , July 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution