Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 46, Issue 4 , Pages 309-323 , April 2010

A Meta-Analysis of Obesity Interventions Among U.S. Minority Children

  • Dong-Chul Seo, Ph.D., CHES

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Dong-Chul Seo, Ph.D., CHES, Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, HPER Building 116, 1025 East 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405.
    • ,
  • Jaesin Sa, Ph.D. (c), M.S.

Received 31 December 2008 ,Accepted 16 November 2009.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy Weight. About BMI for Children and Teens: What is a BMI percentile? Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html. Accessed May 19, 2009.
  2. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728–1732
  3. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847–2850
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of Overweight Among Children and Adolescents Ages 6–19 Years. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/over99fig1.htm. Accessed May 16, 2009.
  5. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:802–810
  6. Dietz WH. Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics. 1998;101:518–525
  7. Stemberger J. Relationship between insulin resistance and abnormal lipid profile in obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 1995;86:697–706
  8. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. New Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–1656
  9. Gunnell DJ, Frankel SJ, Nanchahal K, et al. Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular mortality: A 57-year follow-up study based on the Boyd Orr cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:1111–1118
  10. Dietz WH. Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. J Nutr. 1998;128(Suppl):411–414
  11. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, et al. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1175–1182
  12. Fairburn CG, Welch SL, Doll HA, et al. Risk factors for bulimia nervosa: A community-based case control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:509–517
  13. Fairburn CG, Doll HA, Welch SL, et al. Risk factors for binge eating disorder: A community-based, case control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:425–432
  14. Strauss RS. Childhood obesity and self-esteem. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1–5
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Minority Health. Definitions of Racial and Ethnic Populations: Racial Ethnic Minority Populations. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/Populations/definitionsREMP.htm. Accessed May 19, 2009.
  16. Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986–1998. JAMA. 2001;286:2845–2848
  17. Thorpe LE, List DG, Marx T, et al. Childhood obesity in New York City elementary school students. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1496–1500
  18. US Department of Health and Human Services. 19–3: Reduce the proportion of children who are overweight or obese. In: Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2000;Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/html/objectives/19-03.htmAccessed May 19, 2009
  19. Goran MI, Bergman RN, Cruz ML, et al. Insulin resistance and associated compensatory responses in African-American and Hispanic children. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2184–2190
  20. Berry D, Sheehan R, Heschel R, et al. Family-based interventions for childhood obesity: A review. J Fam Nurs. 2004;10:429–449
  21. Boon CS, Clydesdale FM. A review of childhood and adolescent obesity interventions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45:511–525
  22. Campbell K, Waters E, O'Meara S, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in childhood: A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2001;2:149–157
  23. Clarke SA, Eiser C. The measurement of health-related quality of life (QOL) in paediatric clinical trials: A systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004;2:66–70
  24. Clemmens D, Hayman LL. Increasing activity to reduce obesity in adolescent girls: A research review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33:801–808
  25. Cole K, Waldrop J, D'Auria J, et al. An integrative research review: Effective school-based childhood overweight interventions. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2006;11:166–177
  26. DeMattia L, Lemont L, Meurer L. Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviours change behaviour and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2007;8:69–81
  27. Dietz WH, Gortmaker SL. Preventing obesity in children and adolescents. Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:337–353
  28. Doak CM, Visscher TL, Renders CM, et al. The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: A review of interventions and programmes. Obes Rev. 2006;7:111–136
  29. Durant N, Cox J. Current treatment approaches to overweight in adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17:454–459
  30. Epstein LH, Coleman KJ, Myers MD. Exercise in treating obesity in children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:428–435
  31. Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Roemmich JN, et al. Family-based obesity treatment, then and now: Twenty-five years of pediatric obesity treatment. Health Psychol. 2007;26:381–391
  32. Flodmark CE, Marcus C, Britton M. Interventions to prevent obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Inter J Obes. 2006;30:579–589
  33. Flynn MA, McNeil DA, Maloff B, et al. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with “best practice” recommendations. Obes Rev. 2006;7(Suppl):7–66
  34. Fulton JE, McGuire MT, Caspersen CJ, et al. Interventions for weight loss and weight gain prevention among youth: Current issues. Sports Med. 2001;31:153–165
  35. Glenny AM, O'Meara S, Melville A, et al. The treatment and prevention of obesity: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Obes. 1997;21:715–737
  36. Haddock CK, Shadish WR, Kleges RC, et al. Treatments for childhood and adolescent obesity. Ann Behav Med. 1994;16:235–244
  37. Jago R, Baranowski T. Non-curricular approaches for increasing physical activity in youth: A review. Prev Med. 2004;39:157–163
  38. Jelalian E, Saelens BE. Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Pediatric obesity. J Pediatr Psychol. 1999;24:223–248
  39. Jerum A, Melnyk BM. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent obesity and obesity-related complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nurs. 2001;27:606–610
  40. Kitzmann KM, Beech BM. Family-based interventions for pediatric obesity: Methodological and conceptual challenges from family psychology. J Fam Psychol. 2006;20:175–189
  41. LeMura LM, Maziekas MT. Factors that alter body fat, body mass, and fat-free mass in pediatric obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:487–496
  42. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:274–288
  43. Maziekas MT, LeMura LM, Stoddard NM, et al. Follow up exercise studies in pediatric obesity: Implications for long-term effectiveness. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:425–429
  44. Müller MJ, Danielzik S, Pust S. School- and family-based interventions to prevent overweight in children. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64:249–254
  45. Pereira MA. The possible role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity etiology: A review of the evidence. Int J Obes. 2006;30(Suppl):28–36
  46. Powers SW, Jones JS, Jones BA. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions with pediatric populations. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;10:65–77
  47. Reilly JJ, McDowell ZC. Physical activity interventions in the prevention and treatment of paediatric obesity: Systematic review and critical appraisal. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62:611–619
  48. Richardson CR, Newton TL, Abraham JJ, et al. A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6:69–77
  49. Robinson TN. Behavioural treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes. 1999;23(Suppl):52–57
  50. Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Taylor WC. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:963–975
  51. Sharma M. School-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. Obes Rev. 2006;7:261–269
  52. Sherry B. Food behaviors and other strategies to prevent and treat pediatric overweight. Int J Obes. 2005;29(Suppl):116–126
  53. Snethen JA, Broome ME, Cashin SE. Effective weight loss for overweight children: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Pediatr Nurs. 2006;21:45–56
  54. Stice E, Shaw H, Marti CN. A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: The skinny on interventions that work. Psychol Bull. 2006;132:667–691
  55. Stuart WP, Broome ME, Smith BA, et al. An integrative review of interventions for adolescent weight loss. J Sch Nurs. 2005;21:77–85
  56. Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Byrne KJ. Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control. Obes Res. 2004;12(Suppl):151–162
  57. Wilfley DE, Tibbs TL, Van Buren DJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions in the treatment of childhood overweight: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Health Psychol. 2007;26:521–532
  58. Young KM, Northern JJ, Lister KM, et al. A meta-analysis of family-behavioral weight-loss treatments for children. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:240–249
  59. Zwiauer KF. Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159(Suppl):56–68
  60. Epstein LH, Wing RR, Koeske R, et al. Child and parent weight loss in family-based behavior modification programs. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1981;49:672–685
  61. Brownell KD, Kelman JH, Stunkard AJ. Treatment of obese children with and without their mothers: Changes in weight and blood pressure. Pediatrics. 1983;71:515–523
  62. Kirschenbaum DS, Harris ES, Tomarken AJ. Effects of parental involvement in behavioral weight loss therapy for preadolescents. Behav Ther. 1984;15:485–500
  63. Epstein LH, Wing RR, Koeske R, et al. Long-term effects of family-based treatment of childhood obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:91–95
  64. Epstein LH, Valoski A, Wing RR, et al. Ten-year follow-up of behavioural, family-based treatment for obese children. JAMA. 1990;264:2519–2523
  65. Epstein LH, McCurley J, Wing RR, et al. Five-year follow-up of family-based behavioral treatments for childhood obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58:661–664
  66. Wadden TA, Stunkard AJ, Rich L, et al. Obesity in black adolescent girls: A controlled clinical trial of treatment by diet, behavior modification, and parental support. Pediatrics. 1990;85:345–352
  67. Figueroa-Colon R, Franklin FA, Lee JY, et al. Feasibility of a clinic-based hypocaloric dietary intervention implemented in a school setting for obese children. Obes Res. 1996;4:419–429
  68. Golan M, Crow S. Targeting parents exclusively in the treatment of childhood obesity: Long-term results. Obes Res. 2004;12:357–361
  69. Golan M, Crow S. Parents are key players in the prevention and treatment of weight-related problems. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:39–50
  70. Epstein LH, Wing RR, Koeske R, et al. A comparison of lifestyle exercise, aerobic exercise, and calisthenics on weight loss in obese children. Behav Ther. 1985;16:345–356
  71. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Gordon NF. Physical activity and health: A lifestyle approach. Med Exerc Nutr Health. 1992;1:54–57
  72. Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, et al. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:350–359
  73. Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, et al. Effects of lifestyle activity versus structured aerobic exercise in obese women: A randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;281:335–340
  74. Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, et al. Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;281:327–334
  75. Resnicow K, Baranowski T, Ahluwalia J, et al. Cultural sensitivity in public health: Defined and demystified. Ethn Dis. 1999;9:10–21
  76. Marin G. Defining culturally appropriate community interventions: Hispanics as a case study. J Community Psychol. 1993;21:149–161
  77. Kok G, van den Borne B, Mullen PD. Effectiveness of health education and health promotion: Meta-analyses of effect studies and determinants of effectiveness. Patient Educ Couns. 1997;30:19–27
  78. Brach C, Fraserirector I. Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? A review and conceptual model. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(Suppl):181–217
  79. Arblaster LM, Lambert V, Entwistle M, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of health service interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in health. J Health Serv Res Policy. 1996;1:93–103
  80. Nickens HW. Health promotion and disease prevention among minorities. Health Aff (Millwood). 1990;9:133–143
  81. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes. 1998;22:39–47
  82. Cohen JA. power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155–159
  83. Smithson M. Confidence Intervals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2003;
  84. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Osganian SK, et al. Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics. 2006;117:673–680
  85. Jelalian E, Mehlenbeck R, Lloyd-Richardson EE, et al. “Adventure therapy” combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents. Int J Obes. 2006;30:31–39
  86. Yin Z, Gutin B, Johnson MH, et al. An environmental approach to obesity prevention in children: Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project year 1 results. Obes Res. 2005;13:2153–2161
  87. Resnicow K, Taylor R, Baskin M, et al. Results of go girls: A weight control program for overweight African-American adolescent females. Obes Res. 2005;13:1739–1748
  88. Pate RR, Ward DS, Saunders RP, et al. Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1582–1587
  89. Williamson DA, Martin PD, White MA, et al. Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral weight loss program for overweight adolescent African-American girls. Eat Weight Disord. 2005;10:193–203
  90. Stice E, Presnell K, Groesz L, et al. Effects of a weight maintenance diet on bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: An experimental test of the dietary restraint theory. Health Psychol. 2005;24:402–412
  91. Chanoine J, Hampl S, Jensen C, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:2873–2883
  92. Kirk S, Zeller M, Claytor R, et al. The relationship of health outcomes to improvement in BMI in children and adolescents. Obes Res. 2005;13:876–882
  93. Beech BM, Klesges RC, Kumanyika SK, et al. Child- and parent-targeted interventions: The Memphis GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(Suppl):40–53
  94. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan P, et al. New moves: A school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Prev Med. 2003;37:41–51
  95. Berkowitz RI, Wadden TA, Tershakovec AM, et al. Behavior therapy and sibutramine for the treatment of adolescent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1805–1812
  96. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Wilfley DE, et al. Behavioral weight control for overweight adolescents initiated in primary care. Obes Res. 2002;10:22–32
  97. Sothern MS, Udall JN, Suskind RM, et al. Weight loss and growth velocity in obese children after very low calorie diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:1036–1043
  98. Eliakim A, Makowski GS, Brasel JA, et al. Adiposity, lipid levels, and brief endurance training in nonobese adolescent males. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21:332–337
  99. Suskind RM, Blecker U, Udall JN, et al. Recent advances in the treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatr Diabetes. 2000;1:23–33
  100. Robinson RN. Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:1561–1567
  101. Sothern MS, Hunter S, Suskind RM, et al. Motivating the obese child to move: The role of structured exercise in pediatric weight management. South Med J. 1999;92:577–584
  102. Goran MI, Reynolds K. Interactive multimedia for promoting physical activity (IMPACT) in children. Obes Res. 2005;13:762–771
  103. McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Uwaifo GI, et al. Efficacy of orlistat as an adjunct to behavioral treatment in overweight African American and Caucasian adolescents with obesity-related co-morbid conditions. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17:307–319
  104. Caballero B, Clay T, Davis SM, et al. Pathways: A school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:1030–1038
  105. Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Cullen KW, et al. The fun, food, and fitness project (FFFP): The Baylor GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(Suppl):30–39
  106. Levine MD, Ringham RM, Kalarchian MA, et al. Is family-based behavioral weight control appropriate for severe pediatric obesity?. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;30:318–328
  107. Gutin B, Owens S, Okuyama T, et al. Effect of physical training and its cessation on percent fat and bone density of children with obesity. Obes Res. 1999;7:208–214
  108. Sothern MS, Schumacher H, von Almen TK, et al. Committed to kids: An integrated, 4-level team approach to weight management in adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:81–85
  109. Dreimane D, Safani D, MacKenzie M, et al. Feasibility of a hospital-based, family-centered intervention to reduce weight gain in overweight children and adolescents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;75:159–168
  110. Berkowitz R, Fujioka K, Daniels SR, et al. Effects of sibutramine treatment in obese adolescents. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:81–90
  111. Williamson DA, Walden HM, White MA, et al. Two-year internet-based randomized controlled trial for weight loss in African-American girls. Obes Rev. 2006;14:1231–1243
  112. Budd GM, Hayman LL, Crump E, et al. Weight loss in obese African American and Caucasian adolescents: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial of behavioral therapy plus sibutramine. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22:288–296
  113. Savoye M, Shaw M, Dziura J, et al. Effects of a weight management program on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;297:2697–2704
  114. Williams CL, Strobino BA, Brotanek J. Weight control among obese adolescents: A pilot study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007;58:217–230
  115. Economos CD, Hyatt RR, Goldberg JP, et al. A community intervention reduces BMI z-score in children: Shape up Somerville first year results. Obes Res. 2007;15:1325–1336
  116. Johnston CA, Tyler C, McFarlin BK, et al. Weight loss in overweight Mexican American children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1450–1457
  117. Wilfley DE, Stein RI, Saelens BE, et al. Efficacy of maintenance treatment approaches for childhood overweight: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:1661–1673
  118. Rodearmel SJ, Wyatt HR, Stroebele N, et al. Small changes in dietary sugar and physical activity as an approach to preventing excessive weight gain: The America on the Move family study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:869–879
  119. Fullerton G, Tyler C, Johnston CA, et al. Quality of life in Mexican-American children following a weight management program. Obes Res. 2007;15:2553–2556
  120. Barbeau P, Johnson MH, Howe CA, et al. Ten Months of exercise improves general and visceral adiposity, bone, and fitness in black girls. Obes Res. 2007;15:2077–2085
  121. Robinson TN, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, et al. Dance and reducing television viewing to prevent weight gain in African-American girls: The Stanford GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(Suppl):65–77
  122. Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, et al. An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: The Minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(Suppl):54–64
  123. White MA, Martin PD, Newton RL, et al. Mediators of weight loss in a family-based intervention presented over the internet. Obes Res. 2004;12:1050–1059
  124. Russell C, Gregory D. Evaluation of qualitative research studies. Evid Based Nurs. 2003;6:36–40
  125. McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Uwaifo GI, et al. Three-month tolerability of orlistat in adolescents with obesity-related comorbid conditions. Obes Res. 2002;10:642–650
  126. Owens S, Gutin B, Allison J, et al. Effect of physical training on total and visceral fat in obese children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:143–148
  127. Story M, Snyder PM, Anliker J, et al. Changes in the nutrient content of school lunches: Results from the pathways study. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):35–45
  128. Cunningham-Sabo L, Snyder PM, Anliker J, et al. Impact of the pathways food service intervention on breakfast served in American-Indian schools. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):46–54
  129. Going S, Thompson J, Cano S, et al. The effects of the Pathways Obesity Prevention Program on physical activity in American Indian children. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):62–69
  130. Stevens J, Story M, Ring K, et al. The impact of the Pathways intervention on psychosocial variables related to diet and physical activity in American Indian schoolchildren. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):70–79
  131. Lohman T, Thompson J, Going S, et al. Indices of changes in adiposity in American Indian children. Prev Med. 2003;37:91–96
  132. Gittelsohn J, Merkle S, Story M, et al. School climate and implementation of the Pathways study. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):97–106
  133. Caballero B, Himes JH, Lohman T, et al. Body composition and overweight prevalence in 1704 schoolchildren from 7 American Indian communities. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:308–312
  134. Cook TD, Campbell DT. Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin; 1979;
  135. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA. 2001;285:1172–1177
  136. Kritch KM, Bostow DE. Degree of constructed-response interaction in computer-based programmed instruction. J Appl Behav Anal. 1998;31:387–398
  137. Vandelanotte C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Sallis JF, et al. Efficacy of sequential or simultaneous interactive computer-tailored interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing fat intake. Ann Behav Med. 2005;29:138–146
  138. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: The weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1139–1148
  139. Zabinski MF, Celio AA, Wilfley DE, et al. Prevention of eating disorders and obesity via the internet. Cogn Behav Ther. 2003;32:137–150

PII: S1054-139X(09)00626-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.202

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 46, Issue 4 , Pages 309-323 , April 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution