Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 45, Issue 1 , Pages 8-24 , July 2009

Trends in Adolescent and Young Adult Health in the United States

  • Tina Paul Mulye, M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
  • ,
  • M. Jane Park, M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: M. Jane Park, M.P.H., UCSF Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Box 0503, LH 245, San Francisco, CA 94143-0503.
  • ,
  • Chelsea D. Nelson, B.A.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
  • ,
  • Sally H. Adams, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
  • ,
  • Charles E. Irwin Jr., M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
  • ,
  • Claire D. Brindis, Dr.PH.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
    • Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, California

Received 6 September 2008 ,Accepted 19 March 2009.

References 

  1. Halfon N, Hochstein M. Life course health development: an integrated framework for developing health, policy and research. Milbank Q. 2002;80(3):1–31
  2. Park MJ, Paul Mulye T, Adams S, et al. The health status of young adults in the U.S. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(1):305–317
  3. In:  Settersten RA,  Furstenburg FF,  Rumbaut RG editor. On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2005;
  4. Brown BV. A federal monitoring system for early adult health. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(3):277–284
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health; Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Office of Adolescent Health; National Adolescent Health Information Center, University of California, San Francisco. Improving the Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Guide for States and Communities. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2004. Available at: http://nahic.ucsf.edu/index.php/niiah/article/2010_guide/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  6. Gans JE, Brindis CD. Choice of research setting in understanding adolescent health problems. J Adolesc Health. 2005;17:306–313
  7. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Report, population projections of the U.S. by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1995–2050. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p25-1130.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  8. U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder, 2006 American Community Survey [Detailed Tables]. Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  9. U.S. Census Bureau. The statistical abstract of the United States: 2008 edition. Available at: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008edition.html. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  10. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, America's Families and Living Arrangements, 2006 [Online Tables]. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  11. U.S. Census Bureau. 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation Reports [Detailed Tables]. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  12. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, Annual Demographic Survey March Supplement, 1994 [Detailed Poverty Tables]. Available at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/031995/pov/1_001.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  13. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2007 [Detailed Poverty Tables]. Available at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/pov/new01_000.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  14. Child Trends Databank. High School Dropout Rates. Available at http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/indicators/1HighSchoolDropout.cfm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  15. National Center for Education Statistics . Digest of Education Statistics: 2007. Available at. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/Accessed March 18, 2009
  16. Public Policy Analysis and Education Center for Middle Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Health. National Health Interview Survey, 2006 [private data run]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  17. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. WISQARS: Leading Causes of Death, Fatal and Non-Fatal Injury Reports [online database]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  18. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2007: a compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2007FE.PDF. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  19. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 1999: a compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809100.PDF. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System [youth online database]. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/yrbss. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  21. Fox JA, Zawitz MW. Homicide trends in the United States. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/homtrnd.htm#contents. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  22. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Criminal victimization in the United States—statistical tables. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cvusst.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  23. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychol. 2005;62:593–602
  24. Knopf D, Park MJ, Paul Mulye T. A Mental Health Profile of Adolescents: 2008 Brief. San Francisco, CA: National Adolescent Health Information Center, 2008. Available at: http://nahic.ucsf.edu/downloads/MentalHealthBrief.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  25. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use, 1975–2007: Volume I. Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 08-6418A). Available at: http://monitoringthefuture.org/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  26. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Various stimulant drugs show continuing gradual declines among teens in 2008, most illicit drugs hold steady. Available at: http://monitoringthefuture.org/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  27. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Detailed tables of 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k6NSDUH/tabs/TOC.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Detailed tables of 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k6NSDUH/tabs/TOC.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  29. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use, 1975–2006: Volume I. Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 07-6205). Available at: http://monitoringthefuture.org/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  30. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Use Abuse; Appendix F, Tables on Dependence, Abuse and Treatment Need. Available at: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/Dependence/appendixf.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  31. Mosher WD, Chandra A, Jones J. Sexual behavior and selected health measures: Men and women 15--44 years of age, United States, 2002. Advance data from Vital Health Stat 2005;362:1–55. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad362.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  32. Public Policy Analysis and Education Center for Middle Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Health. National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle 6(2002) data [private data run]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  33. Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, et al. Fertility, contraception, and fatherhood: Data on men and women From Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 2006;23(26):1-–142. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/06facts/fatherhood.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  34. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States, 1982–2002. Advance Data from Vital Health Stat 2004;350:1-–36. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad350.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  35. Ventura SJ, Abma JC, Mosher WD. Estimated pregnancy rates by outcome for the United States, 1990–2004. Natl Vital Stats 2008;56(15):1–26. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_15.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  36. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PA, et al. Births: Final data for 2006. Natl Vital Stats 2009;57(7):1-–18. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_07.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  37. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Ventura SJ. Births: preliminary data for 2007. Natl Vital Stats 2009;57(12):1–23. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_12.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Stats_and_Trends.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 1996. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Stats_and_Trends.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in reportable sexually transmitted diseases in the United States, 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/STD/STATS/pdf/trends2006.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and dependent areas, 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/pdf/2006SurveillanceReport.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance supplemental report, cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States by Race/Ethnicity, 2000–2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/index.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  43. Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57:1–131
  44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System [online database]. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/BRFSS/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  45. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm. Accessed February 12, 2009.
  46. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Summary data tables (Household Component Summary Tables) [online database]. Available at: http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/quick_tables.jsp. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  47. MacKay AP, Duran C. Adolescent Health in the United States, 2007. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Health Statistics, 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/adolescent2007.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Discharge Survey, 2003–2005 [private data run]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  49. Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care emergency department summary. Adv Data Vital Health Stat. 2007;386:1–31
  50. Kriss JL, Collins SR, Mahato B, et al. Issue Brief: Rite of Passage? Why Young Adults Become Uninsured and How New Policies Can Help, 2008 Update. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 2008. Available from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=687669. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  51. National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Online Database. Available at: http://cshcndata.org/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  52. Callahan ST, Cooper WO. Access to health care for young adults with disabling chronic conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:178–181
  53. American Academy of Pediatrics . American Academy of Family Physicians and American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine. A consensus statement on health care transitions for young adults with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 2002;110:1304–1306
  54. Rosen DS, Blum RW, Britto NM, et al. Transition to adult health care for adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health. 2003;33:309–311
  55. Park MJ, Irwin CE. Youth with special health care needs: facilitating a healthy transition to young adulthood. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(1):6–7
  56. Lotstein DS, Inkelas M, Hays RD, et al. Access to care for youth with special health care needs in the transition to adulthood. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(1):23–29
  57. Knopf DK, Park MJ, Brindis CD, et al. What gets measured gets done: assessing data availability for adolescent populations. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11:335–345
  58. Masten AS. Resilience in developing systems: progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19:921–930
  59. Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA. 1997;278:823–832
  60. Aufseeser D, Jekielek S, Brown BV. The Family Environment and Adolescent Well-Being: Exposure to Positive and Negative Family Influences. Washington, DC: Child Trends; San Francisco, CA: National Adolescent Health Information Center, University of California, San Francisco, 2006. Available at: http://nahic.ucsf.edu/downloads/FamEnvironBrief.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  61. Hair EC, Park MJ, Long TL, et al. Risky behaviors in late adolescence: co-occurrence, predictors, and consequences. J Adolesc Health (in press).
  62. U.S. Congress . Office of Technology Assessment. Adolescent Health—Volume 1: Summary and Policy Options [OTA-H-468]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991;
  63. Irwin CE, Duncan PM. Health futures of youth II: pathways to adolescent health, executive summary and overview. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31(6, Suppl):82–89
  64. Brindis CD, Ozer EM, Handley M, et al. Improving Adolescent Health: An Analysis and Synthesis of Health Policy Recommendations, Full Report. San Francisco, CA: University of California, National Adolescent Health Information Center, 1997. Available at http://nahic.ucsf.edu/index.php/recommendations/article/improving_adolescent_health/. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  65. In:  Eccles J,  Gootman J editor. Community Programs to Promote Youth Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002;
  66. In:  Hagan JF,  Shaw JS,  Duncan P editor. Bright Futures Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents—Third Edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2008;
  67. Brindis C, Ott M. Adolescents, health policy, and the American political process. J Adolesc Health. 2002;30:9–16
  68. Park MJ, Brindis CD, Chang F, Irwin CE. A midcourse review of the Healthy People 2010: 21 critical health objectives for adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42:329–334
  69. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Alcohol and highway safety, 2001: a review of the state of knowledge. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/AlcoholHighway. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  70. Williams AF. Next steps for graduated licensing. Traffic Injury Prev. 2005;6:199–201
  71. In:  Bonnie RJ,  Stratton K,  Wallace RB editor. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007;
  72. National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. Adolescent Health Services: Missing Opportunities. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/CMS/12552/35625/60680.aspx. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  73. Irwin CE, Adams SH, Park MJ, Newacheck PW. Preventive care for adolescents: few get visits and fewer get services. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4):565–572
  74. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2007. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd.htm. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  75. English A, Stinnett AJ, Dunn-Georgiou E. Health care for adolescents and young adults leaving foster care: policy options for improving access. Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Adolescent Health & the Law; and San Francisco, CA: The Public Policy Analysis and Education Center for Middle Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Health, 2006. Available at: http://policy.ucsf.edu/pubpdfs/CAHL_FC_Brief.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  76. Brindis CD, Paul Mulye T, Park MJ, Irwin CE Jr. Young People's Health Care: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation; 2006. Available from: http://www.nihcm.org/pdf/YoungPeoplesHCFINAL.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  77. Kapphahn C, Morreale M, Rickert VI, et al. Financing mental health services for adolescents: a background paper. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39:318–327
  78. United States White House, Office of Management and Budget. A New Era of Responsibility: Renewing America's Promise. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2009.
  79. Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, et al. Abstinence-only education policies and programs: a position paper of the Society of Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38:83–87
  80. American Public Health Association . Support for sexual and reproductive health and rights in the United States and abroad. Policy statement #200314. Available at. http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htmAccessed March 18, 2009
  81. American Medical Association . Sexuality education, abstinence, and distribution of condoms in schools. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2005;

PII: S1054-139X(09)00124-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.013

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 45, Issue 1 , Pages 8-24 , July 2009