Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 41, Issue 5 , Pages 421-429 , November 2007

Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Student-Athlete Drug Testing: The Student Athlete Testing Using Random Notification (SATURN) Study

  • Linn Goldberg, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Linn Goldberg, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road (CR 110), Portland, OR 97239-3098.
  • ,
  • Diane L. Elliot, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
  • ,
  • David P. MacKinnon, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
  • ,
  • Esther L. Moe, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
  • ,
  • Kerry S. Kuehl, M.D., Dr.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
  • ,
  • Myeongsun Yoon, M.A.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
  • ,
  • Aaron Taylor, M.A.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
  • ,
  • Jason Williams, M.A.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

Received 28 May 2007 ,Accepted 20 July 2007.

References 

  1. National Federation of State High Schools Associations. High school athletics participation breaks 7 million mark. 2005;http://www.aiaonline.org/story/uploads/Participation_Survey_Press_Release090105_1126103166.pdf.
  2. Aaron DJ, Dearwater SR, Anderson R, et al. Physical activity and the initiation of high-risk health behaviors in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:1639–1642
  3. Carr CN, Kennedy SR, Dimick KM. Alcohol use among high school athletes. Prevention Researcher. 1996;3:1–3
  4. Garry JP, Morrissey SL. Team sports participation and risk-taking behaviors among a biracial middle school population. Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10:185–190
  5. Scott DM, Wagner JC, Barlow TW. Anabolic steroid use among adolescents in Nebraska schools. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53:2068–2072
  6. Faulkner RA, Slattery CM. The relationship of physical activity to alcohol consumption in youth. Can J Public Health. 1990;81:168–169
  7. Yamaguchi R, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM. Relationship between student illicit drug use and school drug-testing policies. J Sch Health. 2003;73:159–164
  8. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Drug Testing in Schools. In: Executive Office of the President of the United States; 2002;p. 1–16
  9. School-Based Drug Testing Programs, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools. http://www.ed.gov/programs/drugtesting/index.html.
  10. Coombs RH, Ryan FJ. Drug testing effectiveness in identifying and preventing drug use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1990;16:173–184
  11. Uzych L. Drug testing of athletes. Br J Addict. 1999;86:25–31
  12. Ferstle J. Evolution and politics of drug testing. In:  Yesalis C editors. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1992;
  13. Vernonia School District 47 v Acton. 15 S Ct 2386, 1995.
  14. Board of Education v. Earls, No. 01-332, 2002.
  15. Albrecht RR, Anderson WA, McKeag DB. Drug testing of college athletes: The issues. Sports Med. 1992;14:349–352
  16. Steroid use drops among student athletes. NCAA News. September 1, 1993:1.
  17. Goldberg L, Elliot DL, MacKinnon DP, et al. Drug testing athletes to prevent substance abuse: Background and pilot study results of the SATURN (Student Athlete Testing Using Random Notification) study. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32:16–25
  18. Taylor R. Compensating behavior and the drug testing of high school athletes. Cato Journal. 1997;16:1–12http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj16n3-5.html Accessed September 14, 2007.
  19. Oregon School Boards Association Selected Sample Policy: Student athlete drug testing: 5/5/99. Available at: http://www.osba.org.
  20. Constitution of Oregon, Section 9. Unreasonable searches or seizures. Available at: http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/constitution/constitution01.htm.
  21. Weber v Oakridge School District 76, 184 Or. App. 415, 56 P. 3d 504 (2002). http://old.orcities.org/publications/focusSectionArchive.cfm?id=4&issueID=15.
  22. United States Department of Health and Human Services; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Division of Workplace Programs: Drug Testing. Federal Register. 2001;August 21, Available at: http://workplace.samhsa.gov/DrugTesting/SpecimenValidityTesting/federalreg.htm.
  23. Peat MA. Analytical and technical aspects of testing for drugs of abuse: confirmatory procedures. Clin Chem. 1991;34:471–473
  24. Visher C. A comparison of urinalysis technologies for drug testing in criminal justice (National Institute of Justice Research in Action). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice; 1991;
  25. Goldberg L, Elliot D, Clarke GN, et al. Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention. J Am Med Assoc. 1996;276:1555–1562
  26. Goldberg L, MacKinnon DP, Elliot DL, et al. The adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids program: Prevention drug use and promoting health behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:332–338
  27. Brener ND, Kann L, McManus MS, et al. Reliability of the 1999 Youth risk behavior survey questionnaire. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31:336–342
  28. Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2002;
  29. Barcikowski RS. Statistical power with group mean as the unit of analysis. J Educ Stat. 1981;6:267–285
  30. Murray DM. Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998;
  31. Dwyer JH. Statistical Models for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983;
  32. Dwyer JH, MacKinnon DP, Pentz MA, et al. Estimating intervention effects on longitudinally observed health behaviors: The Midwestern Prevention Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130:125–143
  33. Hser YI, Maglione M, Boyle K. Validity of self-report of drug use among STD patients, ER patients and arrestees. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1999;25:81–91
  34. Yacoubian GS, VanderWall KL, Johnson RJ, et al. Comparing the validity of self-reported recent drug use between adult and juvenile arrestees. J Psychoact Drugs. 2003;35:279–284
  35. Wagenaar AC, Komro KA, McGovern P, et al. Effects of a saliva test pipeline procedure on adolescent self-reported alcohol use. Addiction. 1993;88:199–208
  36. Murray DM, Perry CL. The measurement of substance use among adolescents: When is the ’bogus pipeline’ method needed?. Addict Behav. 1987;12:225–233
  37. The Oregon State Supreme Court denied Certiorari in Weber v. Oakridge School District 69 P.3d 1233 (OR 2003). Court of Appeals ruling prevails. Weber v. Oakridge School District 76 Oregon State Supreme Court 16-00-21584; A114141 Appeal from Circuit Court, Lane County.
  38. OHSU, schools sued over drug testing study. Register-Guard, Eugene Oregon, July 15, 2002. 31.
  39. OREGON. Judge dismisses 9 Of 10 Claims V. University in Drug Test Suit. IBL Class Action Reporter, Tuesday, April 22, 2003, Vol 5, No. 78. Available at: http://bankrupt.com/CAR_Public/030422.mbx 32.
  40. U.S. district judge dismisses majority of claims in SATURN lawsuit. OHSU News and Information, April 15, 2003. Available at: http://www.ohsu.edu/news/2003/041503saturn.html.
  41. Settlement wraps up drug-test case. Andy Dworkin, The Oregonian, April 22, 2004.

PII: S1054-139X(07)00323-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.001

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 41, Issue 5 , Pages 421-429 , November 2007