Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 40, Issue 3 , Pages 206-217 , March 2007

Sex and HIV Education Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World

Received 22 April 2006 ,Accepted 30 November 2006.

References 

  1. Guttmacher Institute. U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2006;
  2. Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:6–10
  3. United Nations. Demographic Yearbook, 2002. Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybpub2002.htm.
  4. Health Protection Agency. Diagnoses of selected STIs by region, sex and age group United Kingdom: 1995–2004. 2005;London
  5. In:  Lloyd CB editors. Growing up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press; 2005;
  6. Ross D, Dick B, Ferguson J. Preventing HIV/AIDS in Young People: A systematic review of the evidence from developing countries. Geneva: WHO; 2006;
  7. Kirby D. Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington D.C: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 2001;
  8. Mullen P, Ramierez G, Strouse D, et al. Meta-analysis of the effects of behavioral HIV prevention interventions on the sexual risk behavior of sexually experienced adolescents in controlled studies in the United States. J AIDS. 2002;30:S94–S105
  9. Gallant M, Maticka-Tyndale E. School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1337–1351
  10. FOCUS on Young Adults, Advancing Young Adult Reproductive Health: Actions for the Next Decade. Washington, D.C: Pathfinder; 2001;
  11. Aarons S, Jenkins RR, Raine TR, et al. Postponing sexual intercourse among urban junior high school students? (A randomized controlled evaluation). J Adolesc Health. 2000;27:236–247
  12. Agha S, Van Rossem R. Impact of a school-based peer sexual health intervention on normative beliefs, risk perceptions, and sexual behavior of Zambian adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34:441–452
  13. Antunes M, Stall R, Paiva V, et al. Evaluating an AIDS sexual risk reduction program for young adults in public night schools in Sào Paulo, Brazil. AIDS. 1997;11(Suppl 1):S121–S127
  14. Aten M, Siegel D, Enaharo M, et al. Keeping middle school students abstinent: Outcomes of a primary prevention intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31:70–78
  15. Baker S, Rumakom P, Sartsara S, et al. Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS program for college students in Thailand. Washington, D.C: The Population Council; 2003;
  16. Baldwin J, Whiteley S, Baldwin J. Changing AIDS- and fertility-related behavior: The effectiveness of sexual education. J Sex Res. 1990;27:245–262
  17. Blake S, Ledsky R, Lohrmann D, et al. Overall and differential impact of an HIV/STD prevention curriculum for adolescents. Submitted for publication.
  18. Borawski E, Trapl E, Goodwin M. Teaching HIV Prevention in Schools: Taking Be Proud! Be Responsible! to the Suburbs. Paper presented at: Psychosocial Workshop of the Population Association of America; Philadelphia, PA, March 29–30, 2005.
  19. Borawski E, Trapl E, Lovegreen L, et al. Effectiveness of abstinence-only intervention in middle school teens. Am J Health Behav. 2005;29:423–434
  20. Boyer C, Shafer M, Shaffer R, et al. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV in young military men: Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral skills-building intervention. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:349–355
  21. Boyer C, Shafer M, Shaffer R, et al. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral, group, randomized controlled intervention trial to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies in young women. Prev Med. 2005;40:420–431
  22. Boyer C, Shafer M, Tschann J. Evaluation of a knowledge- and cognitive-behavioral skills-building intervention to prevent STDs and HIV infection in high school students. Adolescence. 1997;32:25–42
  23. Bryan A, Aiken L, West S. Increasing condom use: Evaluation of a theory-based intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in young women. Health Psychol. 1996;15:371–382
  24. Cabezon C, Vigil P, Rojas I, et al. Adolescent pregnancy prevention: An abstinence-centered randomized controlled intervention in a Chilean public high school. J Adolesc Health. 2005;36:64–69
  25. Caron F, Godin G, Otis J, Lambert L. Evaluation of a theoretically based AIDS/STD peer education program on postponing sexual intercourse and on condom use among adolescents attending high school. Health Educ Res. 2004;19:185–197
  26. Coyle K, Basen-Enquist K, Kirby D, et al. Safer choices: Reducing teen pregnancy, HIV and STDs. Public Health Rep. 2001;116(Suppl 1):82–93
  27. Coyle K, Basen-Enquist K, Kirby D, et al. Short-term impact of Safer Choices: A multi-component school-based HIV, other STD and pregnancy prevention program. J School Health. 1999;69:181–188
  28. Coyle K, Kirby D, Marin B, et al. Draw the Line/Respect the Line: A randomized trial of a middle school intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:843–851
  29. DiClemente R, Wingood G, Harrington K, et al. Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African-American adolescent girls. JAMA. 2004;292:171–179
  30. Diez E, Juárez O, Nebot M, et al. Effects on attitudes, knowledge, intentions and behaviour of an AIDS prevention programme targeting secondary school adolescents. Promotion Educ. 2000;7:17–22
  31. Eggleston E, Jackson J, Rountree W, Pan Z. Evaluation of a sexuality education program for young adolescents in Jamaica. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan Am J Public Health. 2000;7:102–112
  32. Eisen M, Zellman G, McAlister A. Evaluating the impact of a theory-based sexuality and contraceptive education program. Fam Plann Perspect. 1990;22:261–271
  33. Ekstrand M, Siegel DS, Nido V, et al. Peer-led AIDS prevention delays onset of sexual activity and changes peer norms among urban junior high school students. Vancouver, Canada: XI International Conference on AIDS; 1996;
  34. Erulkar A, Ettyang L, Onoka C, et al. Behavior change evaluation of a culturally consistent reproductive health program for young Kenyans. Int Fam Plann Perspect. 2004;30:58–67
  35. Fawole I, Asuzu M, Oduntan S, Brieger W. A school-based AIDS education programme for secondary school students in Nigeria: A review of effectiveness. Health Educ Res. 1999;14:675–683
  36. Fisher J, Fisher W, Bryan A, Misovich S. Information-motivation-behavioral skills model-based HIV risk behavior change intervention for inner-city high school youth. Health Psychol. 2002;21:177–186
  37. Gillmore M, Morrison D, Richey C, et al. Effects of a skill-based intervention to encourage condom use among high risk heterosexually active adolescents. AIDS Educ Prev. 1997;9(Suppl A):22–43
  38. Girls Incorporated. Truth, Trust and Technology: New research on preventing adolescent pregnancy. New York: Girls Incorporated; 1991;
  39. Girls Incorporated. Girls Incorporated Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy: A Program Development and Research Project. Volume 2: Narrative Description of the Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy Project. Indianapolis: Girls Incorporated; 1991;
  40. Goertzel T, Bluenond-Langner M. What is the impact of a campus AIDS education course?. College Health. 1991;40:87–92
  41. Gottsegen E, Philliber W. Impact of a male sexuality responsibility program on young males. Adolescence. 2001;36:427–433
  42. Harrington N, Giles S, Hoyle R, et al. Evaluation of the All Stars character education and problem behavior prevention program: Effects on mediator and outcome variables for middle school students. Health Educ Behav. 2001;28:533–546
  43. Harvey B, Stuart J, Swan T. Evaluation of a drama-in-education programme to increase AIDS awareness in South African high schools: A randomized community intervention trial. J STD AIDS. 2000;11:105–111
  44. Harvey B, Stuart J, Swan T. Statistical methods and the evaluation of school-based AIDS education in Africa. (reply) Int J STD AIDS. 2000;11:553–554
  45. Howard M. Delaying the start of intercourse among adolescents. Adolesc Med. 1992;3:181–193
  46. Howard M, McCabe J. Helping teenagers postpone sexual involvement. Plann Perspect. 1990;22:21–26
  47. Hubbard BM, Giese ML, Rainey J. A replication of Reducing the Risk, a theory-based sexuality curriculum for adolescents. J School Health. 1998;68:243–247
  48. Jemmott III J. Effectiveness of an HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention implemented by nongovernmental organizations: A randomized controlled trial among adolescents. American Psychological Association Annual Conference, 2005.
  49. Jemmott J, Jemmott L, Braverman P, et al. HIV/STD risk reduction interventions for African American and Latino adolescent girls at an adolescent medicine clinic. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:440–449
  50. Jemmott J, Jemmott L, Fong G. Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: Effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:372–377
  51. Jemmott J, Jemmott L, Fong G, et al. Reducing HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among African American adolescents: Testing the generality of intervention effects. Am J Commun Psychol. 1999;27:161–187
  52. Jemmott J, Jemmott L, Fong G. Abstinence and safer sex: HIV risk-reduction interventions for African-American adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1529–1536
  53. Kinsler J, Sneed C, Morisky D, Ang A. Evaluation of a school-based intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention among Belizean adolescents. Health Educ Res. 2004;19:730–738
  54. Kirby D, Barth R, Leland N, Fetro J. Reducing the Risk: Impact of a new curriculum on sexual risk-taking. Fam Plann Perspect. 1991;23:253–263
  55. Kirby D, Baumler E, Coyle K, et al. The “Safer Choices” intervention: Its impact on the sexual behaviors of different subgroups of high school students. J Adolesc Health. 2004;35:442–452
  56. Kirby D, Korpi M, Adivi C, Weissman J. An impact evaluation of Project SNAPP: An AIDS and pregnancy prevention middle school program. AIDS Educ Prev. 1997;9(Suppl A):44–61
  57. Kirby D, Korpi M, Barth RP, et al. Evaluation of Education Now and Babies Later (ENABL): Final Report. Berkeley, CA: Family Welfare Research Group; 1995;
  58. Kirby D, Korpi M, Barth RP, et al. The impact of the Postponing Sexual Involvement curriculum among youths in California. Fam Plann Perspect. 1997;29:100–108
  59. Klepp K, Ndeki S, Leshabari M, et al. AIDS education in Tanzania: Promoting risk reduction among primary school children. J Public Health. 1997;87:1931–1936
  60. Klepp K, Ndeki S, Seha A, et al. AIDS education for primary school children in Tanzania: An evaluation study. AIDS. 1994;8:1157–1162
  61. Kvalem I, Sundet J, Rivø K, et al. The effect of sex education on adolescents’ use of condoms: Applying the Solomon four-group design. Health Educ Quart. 1996;23:34–47
  62. LaChausse R. Evaluation of the Positive Prevention HIV/STD Curriculum for Students Grades 9–12. Am J Health Educ. 2006;37:203–209
  63. Levy SR, Perhats C, Weeks K, et al. Impact of a school-based AIDS prevention program on risk and protective behavior for newly sexually active students. J School Health. 1995;65:145–151
  64. Li X, Stanton B, Freigelman S, Galbraith J. Unprotected sex among African American adolescents: A three-year study. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94:789–796
  65. Lieberman LD, Gray H, Wier M, et al. Long-term outcomes of an abstinence-based, small-group pregnancy prevention program in New York City schools. Fam Plann Perspect. 2000;32:237–245
  66. Little CB, Rankin A. An evaluation of the Postponing Sexual Involvement curriculum among upstate New York eighth graders. Sociol Forum. 2001;15:4
  67. Magura S, Kang S, Shapiro JL. Outcomes of intensive AIDS education for male adolescent drug users in jail. J Adolesc Health. 1994;15:457–463
  68. Main DS, Iverson DC, McGloin J, et al. Preventing HIV infection among adolescents: Evaluation of a school-based education program. Prev Med. 1994;23:409–417
  69. Martinez-Donate A, Melbourne F, Zellner J, et al. Evaluation of two school-based HIV prevention interventions in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico. J Sex Res. 2004;41:267–278
  70. Maticka-Tyndale E, Brouillard-Coyle C, Gallant M, et al. Primary School Action for Better Health: 12–18 Month Evaluation — Final Report on PSABH Evaluation in Nyanza and Rift Valley. Windsor, Canada: University of Windsor; 2004;
  71. McCauley A, Pick S, Givaudan M. Programming for HIV Prevention in Mexican Schools. Washington, DC: Population Council; 2004;
  72. Mellanby A, Phelps F, Crichton N, Tripp J. School sex education: An experimental programme with educational and medical benefit. Br Med J. 1995;311:414–417
  73. Mitchel-DiCenso A, Thomas BH, Devlin MC, et al. Evaluation of an educational program to prevent adolescent pregnancy. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24:300–312
  74. Moberg DP, Piper DL. An outcome evaluation of Project Model Health: A middle school health promotion program. Health Educ Quart. 1990;17:37–51
  75. Moberg DP, Piper DL. The Healthy for Life Project: Sexual risk behavior outcomes. AIDS Educ Prevent. 1998;10:128–148
  76. Murray N, Toledo V, Luengo X, et al. An evaluation of an integrated adolescent development program for urban teenagers in Santiago, Chile. Washington, DC: Futures Group; 2000;
  77. Nicholson H, Postrado L. A comprehensive age-phased approach. New York: Girls Incorporated; 1992;
  78. Nicholson HJ, Postrado LT. Truth, trust and technology: New research on preventing adolescent pregnancy. New York: Girls Incorporated; 1991;
  79. Nicholson HJ, Postrado LT. Girls Incorporated preventing adolescent pregnancy: A program development and research project. New York: Girls Incorporated; 1991;
  80. Postrado LT, Nicholson HJ. Effectiveness in delaying the initiation of sexual intercourse of girls aged 12–14: Two components of the Girls Incorporated Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy Program. Youth Soc. 1992;21:356–379
  81. Reddy P, James S, McCauley A. Programming for HIV Prevention in South African Schools. Washington, DC: Population Council; 2003;
  82. Ross D. MEMA Kwa Vijana: Randomized controlled trial of an adolescent sexual health programme in rural Mwanza, Tanzania. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2003;
  83. Rotheram-Borus M, Gwadz M, Fernandez M, Srinivasan S. Timing of HIV interventions on reductions in sexual risk among adolescents. Am J Commun Psychol. 1998;26:73–96
  84. Rotheram-Borus M, Lee M, Murphy D, et al. Efficacy of a prevention intervention for youths living with HIV. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:400–405
  85. Rotheram-Borus M, Murphy D, Fernandez M, Srinivasan S, et al. A brief HIV intervention for adolescents and young adults. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:553–564
  86. Rotheram-Borus M, Song J, Gwadz M, et al. Reductions in HIV risk among runaway youth. Prev Sci. 2003;4:173–187
  87. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman C, Haigners C, Davies M. Reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among runaway adolescents. JAMA. 1991;266:1237–1241
  88. Schaalma H, Kok G, Bosker R, et al. Planned development and evaluation of AIDS/STD education for secondary school students in the Netherlands: Short-term effects. Health Educ Quart. 1996;23:469–487
  89. Seidman M, Vigil P, Klaus H, et al. Fertility awareness education in the schools: A pilot program in Santiago Chile, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, California. 1995;
  90. Siegel D, Aten M, Enaharo M. Long-term effects of a middle school- and high school-based human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk prevention intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:1117–1126
  91. Siegel D, DiClemente R, Durbin M, et al. Change in junior high school students’ AIDS-related knowledge, misconceptions, attitudes, and HIV-prevention behaviors: Effects of a school-based intervention. AIDS Educ Prev. 1995;7:534–543
  92. Slonim-Nevo V, Auslander WF, Ozawa MN, Jung KG. The long-term impact of AIDS-preventive interventions for delinquent and abused adolescents. Adolescence. 1996;31:409–421
  93. Smith P, Weinman M, Parrilli J. The role of condom motivation education in the reduction of new and reinfection rates of sexually transmitted diseases among inner-city female adolescents. Patient Educ Counsel. 1997;31:77–81
  94. St. Lawrence J, Crosby R, Brasfield T, O’Bannon R. Reducing STD and HIV risk behavior of substance-dependent adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:1010–1021
  95. St. Lawrence JS, Jefferson KW, Alleyne E, et al. Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce African American adolescents’ risk for HIV infection. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:221–237
  96. St. Pierre TL, Mark MM, Kaltreider DL, Aikin KJ. A 27-month evaluation of a sexual activity prevention program in Boys & Girls Clubs across the nation. Fam Relat. 1995;44:69–77
  97. Stanton B, Guo J, Cottrell L, et al. The complex business of adapting effective interventions to new populations: An urban to rural transfer. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:17–26
  98. Stanton B, Li X, Galbraith J, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus and pregnancy prevention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:17–24
  99. Stanton B, Li X, Kahihuata J, et al. Increased protected sex and abstinence among Namibian youth following a HIV risk-reduction intervention: A randomized, longitudinal study. AIDS. 1998;12:2473–2480
  100. Stanton B, Li X, Ricardo I, et al. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial of an AIDS prevention program for low-income African-American youths. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:363–372
  101. Stephenson J, Strange V, Forrest S, et al. Pupil-led sex education in England (RIPPLE study): Cluster-randomised intervention trial. Lancet. 2004;364:338–346
  102. Thomas B, Mitchell A, Devlin M, et al, (eds.). Small group sex education at school: The McMaster Teen Program. In: Miller BC, Card JJ, Paikoff RL, Peterson JL, (eds). Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.
  103. Turner J, Korpita E, Mohn L, Hill W. Reduction in sexual risk behaviors among college students following a comprehensive health education intervention. College Health. 1993;41:187–193
  104. Villarruel A, Jemmott J, Jemmott L. A randomized controlled trial testing an HIV prevention intervention for Latino youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:772–777
  105. Walter HJ, Vaughn RD. AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of urban high school students. JAMA. 1993;270:725–730
  106. Warren WK, King AJC. Development and evaluation of an AIDS/STD/sexuality program for grade 9 students. Kingston, Ontario: Social Program Evaluation Group; 1994;
  107. Weed SE, Olsen JA, DeGaston J, Prigmore J. Predicting and changing teen sexual activity rates: A comparison of three Title XX programs. Washington, DC: Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs; 1992;December
  108. Weeks K, Levy SR, Gordon AK, et al. Does parental involvement make a difference? (The impact of parent interactive activities on students in a school-based AIDS prevention program). AIDS Educ Prev. 1997;9(Suppl A):90–106
  109. Wenger N, Greenberg J, Hilbourne L, et al. Effect of HIV antibody testing and AIDS education on communication about HIV risk and sexual behavior: A randomized, controlled trial in college students. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:905–911
  110. Wight D, Raab G, Henderson M, et al. The limits of teacher-delivered sex education: Interim behavioral outcomes from a randomised trial. Br Med J. 2002;324:1430–1433
  111. Zimmerman R, Cupp P, Hansen G, et al. The effects of a school-based HIV and pregnancy prevention program in rural Kentucky. J School Health. In press.
  112. Zimmerman R, Donohew L, Sionéan C, et al. Effects of a school-based, theory driven HIV and pregnancy prevention curriculum. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. In press.
  113. Kirby D. No Easy Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 1994;
  114. Sonenstein F. Measuring sexual risk behaviors. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute; 1996;
  115. Plummer M, Ross D, Wight D, et al. “A bit more truthful”: The validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural northern Tanzania using five methods. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80(Suppl 2):ii49–ii56
  116. St. Lawrence J, Crosby R, Belcher L, et al. Sexual risk reduction and anger management interventions for incarcerated male adolescents: A randomized controlled trial of two interventions. J Sex Educ Ther. 1999;24:9–17
  117. Kirby D, Lepore G, Ryan J. Sexual risk and protective factors: Factors affecting teen sexual behavior, pregnancy, childbearing and sexually transmitted disease: Which are important? (Which can you change?). Washington, D.C: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 2005;
  118. Kirby D, Rolleri L, Wilson MM. A Tool to Assess the Characteristics of Effective Sex and STD/HIV Education Programs. Washington, D.C: Healthy Teen Network; 2006;

PII: S1054-139X(06)00601-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 40, Issue 3 , Pages 206-217 , March 2007