Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 31, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages 153-170 , December 2002

The mass media and American adolescents’ health

  • Jane D Brown, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Jane D. Brown, Ph.D., School of Journalism and Mass Communication, CB#3365, Carroll Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3365, USA.
    • School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
    • ,
  • Elizabeth M Witherspoon, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

,Accepted 22 August 2002.

References 

  1. Roberts DF. Media and youth (Access, exposure, and privatization). J Adolesc Health. 2000;27(Suppl):8–14
  2. Brown JD. Adolescents’ sexual media diets. J Adolesc Health. 2000;27(Suppl):35–40
  3. Zollo P. Wise Up to Teens (Insights into Marketing and Advertising to Teenagers). 2nd edition. Ithaca, NY: New Strategist Publications, Inc; 1999;
  4. Zollo P. Wise Up to Teens (Insights into Marketing and Advertising to Teenagers). Ithaca, NY: New Strategist Publications; 1995;
  5. Steele JR. Teenage sexuality and media practice (Factoring in the influences of family, friends and school). J Sex Res. 1999;36:331–341
  6. Steele JR, Brown JD. Adolescent room culture (Studying media in the context of everyday life). J Youth Adolesc. 1995;24:551–576
  7. Roberts DF. Adolescents and the mass media (From “Leave it to Beaver” to “Beverly Hills 90210.”). In:  Takanishi R editors. Adolescence in the 1990s. New York: Teacher’s College Press; 1993;p. 171–186
  8. Brown JD, White AB, Nikopoulou L. Disinterest, intrigue, and resistance (Early adolescent girls’ use of sexual media content). In:  Greenberg BS,  Brown JD,  Buerkel-Rothfuss NL editor. Media, Sex and the Adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press; 1993;p. 177–195
  9. Roe K. Adolescents’ use of socially disvalued media (Towards a theory of media delinquency). J Youth Adolesc. 1995;24:617–631
  10. Brown JD, Schulze L. The effects of race, gender, and fandom on audience interpretations of Madonna’s music videos. J Communication. 1990;40:88–102
  11. Rich M, Woods ER, Goodman E, et al. Aggressors or victims: Gender and race in music video violence. Pediatrics 1998;101:669–74
  12. Snyder HN, Sickmund M, Poe-Yamagata E. Juvenile offenders and victims: 1996 update on violence. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice, 1996
  13. National Adolescent Health Information Center. Fact sheet on mortality: Adolescents & young adults. San Francisco: University of California, 2000
  14. Friedrich-Cofer L, Huston AC. Television violence and aggression (The debate continues). Psychol Bull. 1986;100:364–371
  15. Comstock G, Strasberger VC. Deceptive appearances (Television violence and aggressive behavior—an introduction). J Adolesc Health Care. 1990;11:31–44
  16. Smith SL, Wilson BJ, Kunkel D, et al. Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. In: Center for Communication and Social Policy (ed). National Television Violence Study 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998:5–220
  17. Cantor J. Mommy, I’m Scared. New York: Harcourt Brace; 1998;
  18. Sonesson I. Television and children’s fear (A Swedish perspective). News on Children and Violence on the Screen. 1998;2:11–12
  19. Cantor J. Media violence. J Adolesc Health. 2000;27(Suppl):30–34
  20. Gerbner G, Gross L, Morgan M, et al.  Growing up with television (The cultivation perspective). In:  Bryant J,  Zillmann D editor. Media Effects. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994;p. 17–41
  21. Bushman BJ, Huesmann LR. Effects of televised violence on aggression. In:  Singer DG,  Singer JL editor. Handbook of Children and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001;p. 223–254
  22. Centerwall BS. The scale of the problem and where to go from here. JAMA. 1992;267:3059–3063
  23. Huesmann LR, Eron LD. Television and the Aggressive Child (A Cross-National Comparison). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1986;
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Trends in sexual risk behaviors among high school students—United States, 1991–1997. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 1998;47:749–752
  25. Kunkel D, Cope KM, Colvin C. Sexual messages on family hour television: Content and context. Oakland and Menlo Park, CA: Children Now and Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996
  26. Greenberg BS, Smith SW. Daytime talk shows (Up close and in your face). In:  Brown JD,  Steele JR,  Walsh-Childers K editor. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media (Investigating Media’s Influence on Adolescent Sexuality). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2001;p. 79–93
  27. Greenberg BS, Siemicki M, Dorfman S, et al.  Sex content in R-rated films viewed by adolescents. In:  Greenberg BS,  Brown JD,  Buerkel-Rothfuss NL editor. Media, Sex and the Adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press; 1993;p. 45–58
  28. Cope KM, Kunkel D. Sexual messages in teens’ favorite prime-time TV programs. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K (eds). Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002:59–78
  29. Heintz-Knowles KE. Sexual activity on daytime soap operas: A content analysis of five weeks of television programming. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996
  30. Greenberg BS, Busselle RW. Soap operas and sexual activity. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1994
  31. Jhally S. Dreamworlds: Desire/sex/power in rock video. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 1995 (videocassette)
  32. Seidman SA. An investigation of sex-role stereotyping in music videos. J Broadcasting Electronic Media. 1992;36:209–216
  33. Sommers-Flanagan R, Sommers-Flanagan J, Davis B. What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles. 1993;28:745–753
  34. Peirce K. A feminist theoretical perspective on the socialization of teenage girls through Seventeen Magazine. Sex Roles. 1990;23:491–500
  35. YM. Love [special edition]. YM magazine 1998:17.
  36. Walsh-Childers K, Gotthoffer A, Lepre CR. “Just the facts” to “downright salacious”: Teen’s and women’s magazines’ coverage of sex and sexual health. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K (eds). Sexual Teens, Sexual Media: Investigating Media’s Influence on Adolescent Sexuality. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002:153–71
  37. Princeton Survey Research Associates. The Kaiser Family Foundation Survey on Teens and Sex: What they say teens today need to know and who they listen to. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996
  38. American Social Health Association. Gallup Study: Teenagers know more than adults about STDs. Durham, NC: American Social Health Association, 1996
  39. Greenberg BS, Linsangan R, Soderman A. Adolescents’ reactions to television sex. In:  Greenberg BS,  Brown JD,  Buerkel-Rothfuss NL editor. Media, Sex and the Adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press; 1993;p. 196–224
  40. Bryant J, Rockwell SC. Effects of massive exposure to sexually oriented prime-time television programming on adolescents’ moral judgment. In:  Zillmann D,  Bryant J,  Huston AC editor. Media, Children, and the Family (Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994;p. 183–195
  41. Greeson LE, Williams RA. Social implications of music videos for youth (An analysis of the content and effects of MTV). Youth Society. 1986;18:177–189
  42. Strouse JS, Buerkel-Rothfuss N, Long EC. Gender and family as moderators of the relationship between music video exposure and adolescent sexual permissiveness. Adolescence. 1995;30:505–521
  43. Larson MS. Sex roles and soap operas (What adolescents learn about single motherhood). Sex Roles. 1996;35:97–110
  44. Signorielli N. Adolescents and ambivalence toward marriage (A cultivation analysis). Youth Society. 1991;23:121–149
  45. Huston AC, Wartella E, Donnerstein E. Measuring the effects of sexual content in the media: A report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1998
  46. Kaiser Family Foundation, Children Now. The family hour focus groups: Children’s responses to sexual content on TV and their parents’ reactions. Menlo Park and Oakland, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation and Children Now, 1996
  47. Thompson M, Walsh-Childers K, Brown JD. The influence of family communication patterns and sexual experience on processing of a movie video. In:  Greenberg BS,  Brown JD,  Buerkel-Rothfuss NL editor. Media, Sex and the Adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press; 1993;p. 248–263
  48. Haffner DW. Facing facts: sexual health for adolescents: The report of the National Commission on Adolescent Health. New York: Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, 1995
  49. Coon KA, Goldberg JG, Rogers BL, et al.  Relationships between use of television during meals and children’s food consumption patterns. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1–9
  50. Dietz WH. Television, obesity, and eating disorders. In: Strasburger VC, Comstock GA (eds). Adolescents and the Media: State of the Art Reviews. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1993:543–9
  51. Signorielli N, Staples J. Television and children’s conceptions of nutrition. Health Communication. 1997;9:289–301
  52. Story M, Faulkner P. The prime time diet (A content analysis of eating and food messages in television content and commercials). Am J Public Health. 1990;80:738–740
  53. Kotz K, Story M. Food advertisements during children’s Saturday morning television programming (Are they consistent with dietary recommendations?). J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:1296–1300
  54. Taras HL, Gage M. Advertised foods on children’s television. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:649–652
  55. Ozer EM, Brindis CD, Millstein SG, et al. America’s adolescents: Are they healthy? San Francisco: University of California, School of Medicine, 1998
  56. McMurray RG, Harrell JS, Deng S, et al.  The influence of physical activity, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on the weight status of adolescents. Obes Res. 2000;8:130–139
  57. Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, et al. Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics 2000;105. Available at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful/105/4/e56. Accessed January 15, 2001
  58. Robinson TN, Hammer LD, Killen JD. Does television viewing increase obesity and decrease physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent females. Pediatrics. 1993;91:273–280
  59. Silverstein B, Perdue L, Peterson B, et al.  The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of attractiveness for women. Sex Roles. 1986;14:519–532
  60. Benson S. The body, health and eating disorders. In:  Woodward K editors. Identity and Difference. London: Sage; 1997;p. 121–182
  61. Seid RP. Never Too Thin (Why Women Are at War with Their Bodies). New York: Prentice-Hall; 1989;
  62. Creager E. It takes effort—and maybe anorexia—to be model-thin, 21 July 1998. Available at: http://www.freep.com/news/health/qstar21.htm. Accessed January 15, 2001
  63. Leit RA, Pope HG, Gray JJ. Cultural expectations of muscularity in men (The evolution of Playgirl centerfolds). Int J Eat Disord. 2001;29:90–93
  64. Guillen EO, Barr SI. Nutrition, dieting, and fitness messages in a magazine for adolescent women, 1970–1990. J Adolesc Health. 1994;15:464–472
  65. Harrison K. Does interpersonal attraction to thin media personalities promote eating disorders?. J Broadcasting Electronic Media. 1997;41:478–500
  66. Children Now (ed). Reflections of girls in the media. Report of the fourth annual Children and the Media Conference. Oakland, CA: Children Now, 1997
  67. Katz J. Advertising and the construction of violent white masculinity. In:  Dines G,  Humez JM editor. Gender, Race and Class in Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995;p. 133–141
  68. Botta R. Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. J Communication. 1999;49:22–41
  69. Botta R. The mirror of television (A comparison of black and white adolescents’ body image). J Communication. 2000;50:144–159
  70. Field AE, Camargo CA, Taylor CB, et al.  Peer, parent and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics. 2001;107:54–60
  71. Harrison K. The body electric (Thin-ideal media and eating disorders in adolescents). J Communication. 2000;50:119–143
  72. Hofschire LJ, Greenberg BS. Media’s impact on adolescents’ body dissatisfaction. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K (eds). Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002:125–49
  73. Stice FM, Shaw HE. Adverse effects of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1994;13:288–308
  74. Meyers PN, Biocca F. The elastic body image (The effect of television advertising and programming on body image distortions in young women). J Communication. 1992;42:108–133
  75. Sumner A, Waller G, Killick S, et al.  Body image distortion in pregnancy (A pilot study of the effects of media images). J Reprod Infant Psychol. 1993;11:203–208
  76. Irving LM. Mirror images (Effects of the standard of beauty on the self- and body-esteem of women exhibiting varying levels of bulimic symptoms). J Soc Clin Psychol. 1990;9:230–242
  77. Roberts DF, Henriksen L, Christenson PG. Substance use in popular movies and music. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1999
  78. Signorielli N. Drinking, sex, and violence on television (The cultural indicators perspective). J Drug Educ. 1987;17:245–260
  79. Atkin CK. Effects of media alcohol messages on adolescent audiences. In:  Strasberger VC,  Comstock GA editor. Adolescent Medicine (State of the Art Reviews). Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus; 1993;p. 527–541
  80. Atkin C, Hocking J, Block M. Teenage drinking (Does advertising make a difference?). J Communication. 1984;34:157–167
  81. Brown JD, McDonald T. Portrayals and effects of alcohol in television entertainment programming. In: Martin SE (ed). The Effects of the Mass Media on the Use and Abuse of Alcohol. Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1993:133–50
  82. Rychtarik RG, Fairbank JA, Allen CM, et al.  Alcohol use in television programming (Effects on children’s behaviors). Addict Behav. 1983;8:19–22
  83. Grube JW. Television alcohol portrayals, alcohol advertising, and alcohol expectancies among children and adolescents. In: Martin SE (ed). The Effects of the Mass Media on the Use and Abuse of Alcohol. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995:105–21
  84. Robinson TN, Chen HL, Killen JD. Television and music video exposure and risk of adolescent alcohol use. Pediatrics. 1998;102:E54
  85. Roe K. Adolescents’ use of socially disvalued media (Towards a theory of media delinquency). J Youth and Adolesc. 1995;24:617–631
  86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of substance dependence associated with use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs—United States, 1991–1992. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 1995;44:830–1, 837–9
  87. Vickers A. Why cigarette advertising should be banned. BMJ. 1992;304:1195–1196
  88. National Association of Attorneys General. Master Settlement Agreement, 1998. Available at: http://www.naag.org/tobaccopublic/library.cfm. Accessed December 10, 2000
  89. Food and Drug Administration et al. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp, F. 153d 155. U.S. Supreme Court, 2000:153
  90. European Union Commission Amos A, Bostock C, Bostock Y. Women’s magazines and tobacco in Europe. Lancet. 1998;352:786–787
  91. Hesterman V. You’ve come a long way, baby—or have you? Paper presented at annual meeting of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, San Antonio, TX, August, 1987
  92. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG. National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1993. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1994
  93. Bound W. Keeping teens from smoking, with style. Wall Street Journal, May 6, 1999:B6(W), B6(E)
  94. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1994
  95. DiFranza JR, Richards JW, Paulman PM, et al.  RJR Nabisco’s cartoon camel promotes Camel cigarettes to children. JAMA. 1991;266:3149–3153
  96. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Media Sharp: Analyzing Tobacco & Alcohol Messages. Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995
  97. Pierce JP, Lee L, Gilpin EA. Smoking initiation by adolescent girls, 1944 though 1988 (An association with targeted advertising). JAMA. 1994;271:608–611
  98. Altman DG, Levine DW, Coeytaux R, et al.  Tobacco promotion and susceptibility to tobacco use among adolescents aged 12 through 17 years in a nationally representative sample. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1590–1593
  99. Biener L, Siegel M. Tobacco marketing and adolescent smoking (More support for a causal inference). Am J Public Health. 2000;90:407–411
  100. Pierce JP, Choi WS, Gilpin EA, et al.  Industry promotion of cigarettes and adolescent smoking. JAMA. 1998;279:511–515
  101. Pechmann C, Ratneshwar S. The effects of antismoking and cigarette advertising on young adolescents’ perceptions of peers who smoke. J Consumer Res. 1994;21:236–251
  102. Federal Trade Commission. Report to Congress for 1997 pursuant to the federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission, 1999
  103. Woodruff S, Agro A, Wildey M, et al.  Point-of-purchase tobacco advertising (Prevalence, correlates, and brief intervention). Health Values. 1995;19:56–62
  104. Pucci LG, Joseph HM, Siegel M. Outdoor tobacco advertising in six Boston neighborhoods (Evaluating youth exposure). Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:155–159
  105. Di Franza JR, Coleman M, Cyr DS. A comparison of the advertising and accessibility of cigars, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and loose tobacco. Prev Med. 1999;29:321–326
  106. Feighery EC, Ribisl KM, Achabal DD, et al.  Retail trade incentives (How tobacco industry practices compare with those of other industries). Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1564–1566
  107. Henriksen L, Flora JA. Effects of adolescents’ exposure to retail tobacco advertising. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, May 2001
  108. Hong T, Cody MJ. Presence of pro-tobacco messages on the Web. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, May 2001
  109. Center for Media Education. More than 80 groups sign letter urging FCC to strengthen children’s TV rules Available at: http://www.cme.org. Accessed February 5, 1995
  110. Potter WJ, Warren R. Considering policies to protect children from TV violence. J Communication. 1996;46:116–138
  111. Federal Trade Commission. Telecommunications Act of 1996. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov. Accessed October 10, 2002
  112. Center for Media Education. V-chip education project. Available at: http://www.cme.org. Accessed October 10, 2002
  113. Greenberg BS, Eastin M, Mastro D. Comparing the on-air ratings with the published ratings: Who to believe? In: Greenberg BS, Rampoldi-Hnilo L, Mastro D (eds). The Alphabet Soup of Television Program Ratings. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2001:39–50
  114. Entertainment Software Rating Board. About ESRB. Available at: http://www.esrb.org/about.asp. Accessed October 10, 2002
  115. Cantor J, Harrison K, Nathanson A. Ratings and advisories. In: Federman J (ed). National Television Violence Study, Vol. 2. Executive Summary. Santa Barbara: University of California, The Center for Communication and Social Policy, 1997:35–8
  116. Entertainment Software Rating Board. ESRB launches national campaign to increase awareness of computer and video game ratings. Available at: http://www.esrb.org/newslinks.asp?id=3&ann+True. Accessed February 2, 2001
  117. Waage R, Aasli J. Child pornography on the net. News on Children and Violence on the Screen. 1997;1:9
  118. Center for Media Education. Absolute Web: Tobacco and alcohol industries launch into cyberspace. InfoActive Kids 1997;Winter:1
  119. Henry T. Techo-kids can’t live without their computers. USA Today, April 23, 1997:1A
  120. Federal Trade Commission. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/ogc/coppa1.htm. Accessed February 2, 2001
  121. Porter Novelli. A communication strategy statement: The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1998. Available at: http://165.112.78.61/RFP/5063/exhibitc.htm. Accessed February 5, 1995
  122. Kauffman S. Anti-drug campaign apt to fizzle, not sizzle, skeptics say. News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), July 18, 1998:1B
  123. Rich F.…Another goofy effort. New York Times, July 16, 1998:17A
  124. Marchetti LM, Smith EJ, Tolbert WG, et al. High School Seat Belt and Alcohol Awareness Programs: A Report of High School Programs Conducted During the 1994–95 and 1995–96 School Years. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 1997
  125. Palmgreen P, Donohew L, Lorch EP, et al.  Television campaigns and adolescent marijuana use (Tests of sensation seeking targeting). Am J Public Health. 2001;91:292–296
  126. Atkin C, Freimuth V. Formative evaluation research in campaign design. In:  Rice RE,  Atkin CK editor. Public Communication Campaigns. 2nd Edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989;p. 131–150
  127. DeJong W, Winsten JA. The media and the message: Lessons learned from past public service campaigns. Washington, DC: The National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 1998
  128. Freimuth VS, Taylor M. Are mass mediated health campaigns effective? A review of the empirical evidence. Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1995
  129. Wallack L, Dorfman L, Jernigan D, et al.  Media Advocacy and Public Health (Power for Prevention). Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1993;
  130. Holder HD, Treno AJ. Media advocacy in community prevention (News as a means to advance policy change). Addiction. 1997;92(Suppl 2):189–199
  131. Woodruff K. Alcohol ads and violence against women (A media advocacy case study). Health Educ Q. 1996;23:330–345
  132. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action (A Social Cognitive Theory). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986;
  133. Kincaid DL, Jara R, Coleman P, et al. Getting the message: The Communication for Young People Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency or International Development, 1988 (AID Evaluation Special Study 56)
  134. Singahl A, Rogers EM. Entertainment-Education (A Communication Strategy for Social Change). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999;
  135. Montgomery K. Target (Prime Time. Advocacy Groups and the Struggle Over Entertainment Television). New York: Oxford University Press; 1989;
  136. Folb K. “Don’t touch that dial!” TV as a—What!?—positive influence. SIECUS Rep. 2000;28:16–18
  137. Kaiser Family Foundation. Survey of ER Viewers, April 1997. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1997
  138. Strasburger VC. Children, adolescents, drugs, and the media. In: Singer DG, Singer JL (eds). Handbook of Children and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001:415–45
  139. Hobbs R. The seven great debates in the media literacy movement. J Communication 1998;48:16–32
  140. Thoman E. Skills and strategies for media education. Los Angeles: Center for Media Literacy, 1998
  141. American Academy of Pediatrics. Sexuality, contraception and the media (RE9505). Policy Statement 1995;2:298–300. Available at: http://www.aap.org. Accessed October 10, 2002
  142. American Academy of Pediatrics. Media violence (RE9526). Policy Statement 1995;6:949–51. Available at: http://www.aap.org. Accessed October 10, 2002
  143. American Academy of Pediatrics. Impact of music lyrics and music videos on children and youth (RE9648). Policy Statement 1998;6:1219–21. Available at: http://www.aap.org. Accessed October 10, 2002
  144. Cook DE. Testimony of the American Academy of Pediatrics on media violence before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, September 13, 2000. Available at: http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/Mediaviolencetestimony.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2002
  145. Austin EW, Johnson KK. Immediate and delayed effects of media literacy training on third graders’ decision making for alcohol. Health Communication. 1997;9:323–349
  146. Potter WJ. Media Literacy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998;

☆ Portions of this article have been published previously in Brown JD, Witherspoon E. The mass media and the health of adolescents in the United States. In: Kamalipour YR, Rampal KR (eds). Media, Sex, Violence and Drugs in the Global Village. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001:77–96. Reproduced by permission of Rowman & Litlefield Publishers.

PII: S1054-139X(02)00507-4

Journal of Adolescent Health
Volume 31, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages 153-170 , December 2002

Article Tools